Give four components of superstructure.
Following are the Components of superstructure–
1. Plinth
2. Floor
3. Walls
4. Roofs
5. Windows
6. Doors
7. Beam
8. Columns
9. Sill
10. Staircase
11. Parapet
12. Lintels
What is timbering and strutting for foundation trenches.
Timbering and strutting - A method of giving the temporary support to the side of deep trench, when
subsoil is loose or very soft is known as timbering and strutting. It consists of timber planks and strut to
give temporary support to the side of trench.
State any four points considered while preparing job layout for building work.
Points to be considered while preparing job layout for building work :
i) Method of consideration
ii) Nature & type of work
iii) Location, area & topography of the site.
iv) To get proper co-relation & co-ordination of different units to increase efficiency, safety & speed in construction work.
State the purpose of foundation.
The purpose of foundation are-
1) To support the structure.
2) To distribute load of the entire structure over a wide spread area.
3) To increase the stability of the structure.
4) To minimize the chances of unequal settlement by distributing the load over wide area.
5) To provide a level surface for building operation of structure .
6) To provide the structural safety against undermining or souring due to animals, flood water etc.
7) To prevent or minimize the cracks due to movement of moisture in case of weak or poor soils etc.
List any four component part of staircase.
1. Step
2. Rise
3. Tread
4. Flight
5. Landing
6. Newel post
7. Hand rail
8. Baluster
9. Balustrade
10. Going
11. Nosing
12. Strings
13. Scotia
14. Waist
15. Run
Enlist four causes of cracks.
The important causes responsible for cracks in building are :
1. Due to movement of ground.
2. Due to temperature variation.
3. Due to moisture changes.
4. Due to effect of chemical reaction.
5. Due to creep and elastic deformation.
6. Due to vegetation
State two advantages of prestressed concrete.
Following are the advantages of prestressed concrete:
1) This provides a type of construction which is always free from cracks under full working loads. Due to this such type of construction is suitable where corrosion is dangerous.
2) Deflection of structure can be reduced.
3) The time of construction is much less if prestressed members are used.
4) The amount of steel required is very less as compared to the ordinary reinforced concrete.
5) The sections are smaller compared to reinforced concrete sections hence they can also be used for
longer spans.
6) It has long-term durability.
Components of door –
1.Head
2.Horn
3.Style
4.Top rail
5.Lock rail
6.Bottom Rail
7.Panel
8.Hold fast
9.Post or jamb
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