IWT | What do you mean by conjunction control? Explain its working principle.

What is congestion?

A state occurring in network layer when the message traffic is so heavy that it slows down network response time.

Effects of Congestion

·         As delay increases, performance decreases.

·         If delay increases, retransmission occurs, making situation worse.

Congestion control algorithms

·         Leaky Bucket Algorithm

Let us consider an example to understand

Imagine a bucket with a small hole in the bottom. No matter at what rate water enters the bucket, the outflow is at constant rate. When the bucket is full with water additional water entering spills over the sides and is lost.

Token bucket Algorithm

Need of token bucket Algorithm: -

The leaky bucket algorithm enforces output pattern at the average rate, no matter how bursty the traffic is. So, in order to deal with the bursty traffic we need a flexible algorithm so that the data is not lost. One such algorithm is token bucket algorithm.

Steps of this algorithm can be described as follows:

1.    In regular intervals tokens are thrown into the bucket. Ƒ

2.    The bucket has a maximum capacity. Ƒ

3.    If there is a ready packet, a token is removed from the bucket, and the packet is sent.

4.    If there is no token in the bucket, the packet cannot be sent.Let’s understand with an example,

        In figure (A) we see a bucket holding three tokens, with five packets waiting to be transmitted. For a packet to be transmitted, it must capture and destroy one token. In figure (B) We see that three of the five packets have gotten through, but the other two are stuck waiting for more tokens to be generated.

    Ways in which token bucket is superior to leaky bucket:

    The leaky bucket algorithm controls the rate at which the packets are introduced in the network, but it is very conservative in nature. Some flexibility is introduced in the token bucket algorithm. In the token bucket, algorithm tokens are generated at each tick (up to a certain limit). For an incoming packet to be transmitted, it must capture a token and the transmission takes place at the same rate. Hence some of the busty packets are transmitted at the same rate if tokens are available and thus introduces some amount of flexibility in the system. 

        Formula: M * s = C + ρ * s

where S – is time taken
M – Maximum output rate
ρ – Token arrival rate
C – Capacity of the token bucket in byte

 Let’s understand with an example,